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人事・労務の手引き

« 御社は「労働時間」についてどのようにお考えですか? | メイン | メンタルヘルスケアの必要性 »

2006年08月21日
解雇に関するトラブル急増!!

◆◇◆解雇トラブルの急増◆◇◆
 近年、労働者の権利意識の高まりや、労働相談を受け付ける機関、裁判外紛争
処理に関する法整備等の充実とともに、解雇に関するトラブルが増えています。
全国の労働局が受け付けた個別労働紛争解決制度施行状況の厚生労働省
発表によると相談件数が年々増えているのが分かります。
また、その内訳は解雇、退職勧奨を併せて約3分の1を占めています。

◆◇◆解雇の種類◆◇◆
ⅰ)普通解雇
いわゆる就業規則などに記載された解雇事由に基づく、会社からの一方的な労働
契約解除のことであり、単に「解雇」という場合も多いです。

ⅱ)整理解雇
会社の経営上の都合から人員整理として行なわれる解雇であり、一般的にはリス
トラと呼ばれています。整理解雇の際は、裁判の判例で示されている4要件を満
たす必要があり、それら要件とは、
①経営を維持する為に人員削減の必要性がある
②解雇を回避するために具体的な措置を講ずる努力(出向、配置転換、任意退職
の募集等)が十分になされた
③被解雇者の選定が合理的で公平である
④人員整理の必要性と内容について説明・協議など、労働者の納得を得るように
努力を尽くしたこと
となっています。

ⅲ)懲戒解雇
著しく重大な違反があったときの懲罰としての解雇であり、通常は訓戒や譴責、
出勤停止などを経て、懲戒解雇となる場合が多くなっています。こういった懲
戒を行うには就業規則に事由をあらかじめ記載しておかなければならず、記載
のない事由による懲戒は、懲戒権の濫用とされ無効になってしまう可能性が高
いので注意が必要です。
また、普通解雇の場合は30日前に予告するか平均賃金の30日分の予告手当
を支払わなければなりませんが、懲戒解雇は労働基準監督署長に「解雇予告除外
認定許可」を申請し、許可を受ければ即時に解雇することが可能です。

◆◇◆解雇と退職勧奨◆◇◆
 近年、整理解雇の前段として退職勧奨が行われる場合が多くなっています。
退職勧奨は労働者の自発的な退職意思の形成を促すための行為であり、雇用契
約の合意解約の申し入れ、あるいは誘引のための行為とされていますので、そ
のこと自体なんら問題はありません。また、被勧奨者の人選や、被勧奨者に
よって退職金の割増しに差をつけることは使用者の裁量の範囲であると考え
られています。だからといってすべての退職勧奨が認められるわけでなく、
『退職強要』または『公序良俗違反』として違法と判断されることもあります
ので、以下の点について注意が必要と考えられます。
①被勧奨者が明確に退職を拒否している場合に、特段の事情もなく勧奨を続け
ないこと
②退職勧奨の回数、期間が通常必要な限度を超えないこと
③被勧奨者の自由な意思決定を妨げるような言動を与えたり、身体を拘束しな
いこと
④被勧奨者が求める場合は、立会人として第三者の同席を認めること

◆◇◆就業規則の重要性◆◇◆
 平成16年1月1日から施行された改正労働基準法において、「解雇は客観的
に合理的な理由を欠き、社会通念上相当であると認められない場合は、その権
利を濫用したものとして無効とする」という解雇に関する一般ルールが法文と
して明文化されました。また、それに伴い就業規則への「解雇事由」の記載も
義務付けられました。
裁判で争われる場合においても、就業規則に記載されていない解雇事由はほと
んど認められていないのが実状です。また、就業規則で明文化することによっ
て労働者本人の納得が得られやすいといったメリットもあります。
解雇に伴う法的リスクは企業にとって非常に重要な問題ですので、この機会に
一度見直しされてみてはいかがでしょうか。

投稿者:人事部 | カテゴリ:

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